eb
darvinizmis Sesaxeb
erTi
ram Tavidanve unda iTqvas: Tanamedrove mec-
nierebaSi
uamravi Teoria da hipoTeza arsebobs, ara
marto
gansxvavebuli erTmaneTisagan, aramed diametru-
lad
sawinaaRmdegoc. amitom darvinis Teoria ubralod
erT-erTi
mravalTagania (Tanac mas arc ki gaaCnia raime
faqtobrivi
mtkicebulebani), magram amasTan _ yvelaze
gavrcelebulic.
raSi mdgomareobs darvinizmis prin-
cipi?
bunebaSi ganuwyveteli bunebrivi SerCeva mimdin-
areobs.
arsebobisaTvis brZolaSi ufro Zlieri or-
ganizmebi
axerxeben gadarCenas, garemosTan naklebad
Semgueblebi
da sustebi ki iRupebian. organizmebs uyali-
bdebaT
gadaxrebi saxeobidan, rac sasargebloc SeiZleba
gamodges,
da maSin am organizmebs gadarCenis damatebiTi
Sansi
eZlevaT. sasargeblo niSnebi memkvidreobiT ga-
daecema.
ase Cndeba cocxal arsebaTa axali formebi da
saxeobebi.
ganviTareba martividan rTulisaken mimdin-
areobs.
SeuZliaT
ki am debulebebs Cveni dakmayofileba?
SegviZlia
ki Cven maTze avagoT evoluciis grandiozuli
Senoba?
upirveles
yovlisa, unda iTqvas, rom darvinis Teoria
mxolod
hipoTezaa, radganac aSkara mtkicebulebani mas
ar
gaaCnia. kacobriobis istorias ar axsovs, rom erTi
saxeoba
meoreSi gadasuliyo anda bunebaSi axali
saxeo-
192ba
gaCeniliyo. Cven SegviZlia vilaparakoT mxolod sax-
esxvaobebze,
magram ara Tvisobrivad axal saxeobebze.
darvinis
Teoriis Tanaxmad, evolucias ganapirobebs
sami
principi _ garemosTan Semguebloba, saxeobebs So-
ris
brZola da gamravlebis unari. magram aq Cven raRac
paradoqss
vawydebiT: am TvisebebiT ufro metad xasiaT-
debian
ara umaRlesi arsebebi, aramed yvelaze dablebi
_
sokoebi da is mcenareebi, romlebic sporebis saSu-
alebiT
mravldebian. yvelaze advilad garemo pirobebs
swored
isini eguebian. vulkanebis amofrqvevis, wy-
aldidobebis
Semdeg anda piriqiT, udabnoSi, rodesac
didxans
ar modis wvima da garSemo mxolod mkvdari ve-
lia,
ufro maRalganviTarebuli organizmebi iRupebian,
primitiulebi
ki cocxlebi rCebian. es primitiuli ar-
sebebi,
maRalganviTarebulebTan SedarebiT, gamravleb-
is
ukeTesi unariT gamoirCevian. ase rom, darvinizmis sam
princips
Tu vendobiT, sicocxle sokoebisa da sporebis
doneze
unda gaCerebuliyo. es iqneboda cocxal arsebaTa
optimaluri
saxeoba, dedamiwaze cxovrebis pirobebTan
Seguebuli.
amgvarad, am sam princips arasgziT ar See-
sabameba
ufro rTuli da amitom garemosTan mimarTebaSi
ufro
`myife~, ufro `nazi~ saxeobebis gaCena.
ganvagrZoT:
darvinis Teoria kazualuria, anu SemTx-
veviTobebze
agebuli. romelime arsebas SemTxveviT axa-
li
Tviseba uCndeba. Tu es Tviseba sasargebloa (anu axal
Sansebs
aZlevs garemo pirobebSi gasaZlebad), igi moce-
mul
arsebas unarCundeba da memkvidreobiT gadaecema.
ai,
darvinistuli morfologiis safuZveli: umaRlesi
arsebebi
yvelaze dablebisgan warmoiSobian
kazualu-
rad,
saerTo normisagan raRac SemTxveviTi gadaxrebis
gaCenis
gziT. SegviZlia ki davkmayofildeT sakiTxis
193aseTi
gadawyvetiT, aris ki es marTebuli? Cven viciT,
rom
ganviTarebuli organo sasargebloa, Canasaxobriv
mdgomareobaSi
myofi anda arasakmarisad ganviTarebuli
organo
ki araviTar sasurvel zemoqmedebas ar axdens,
araviTar
upiratesobas ar iZleva, piriqiT, organizmis-
aTvis
tvirTad iqceva xolme. magaliTad, romeliRac ar-
sebas,
romelic evoluciis gziT frinveli unda gaxdes,
momavali
frTis adgilas raRac wanazardi gauCnda. Tvi-
Ton
darvinis Teoria uaryofs frTis uecar gaCenas,
igi
ambobs, rom es `raRac~ TandaTan unda Camoyalib-
des
frTad. da ai, arsebas, ucnobia ratom (albaT raRac
anomaliis
gamo) gauCnda wanazardi, romlisganac Semdeg
frTa
Camoyalibda. ra saerTo aqvs am wanazards mocemuli
individis
gadarCenasTan? araviTari. igi ar iqneba misT-
vis
sasargeblo, piriqiT, xelsac SeuSlis arsebobisaT-
vis
brolaSi: nadavlis daWeraSi, mtrisagan gaqcevaSi
da
sxv. amgvarad, sanam es wanazardi frTad iqceodes, is
ki
ar daexmareba, aramed zedmeti tvirTi iqneba. da ra
aucilebelia,
rom wanazardi darCes? rogorc SemTx-
veviT
gaCnda, aseve SemTxveviT (Semdgom TaobebSi) igi
unda
gaqres. es darvinizmisaTvis wayenebuli meore kon-
trargumentia,
romelzec mas saTqmeli aRaraferi aqvs.
Semdeg:
arian arsebebi, romlebic rTul metamorfo-
zebs
ganicdian. magaliTad, rodesac muxluxo peplad
iqceva,
muxluxos sxeuli Wiis parkSi ixsneba, sqel masas
emsgavseba
da Semdeg am masidan TandaTan sxva, peplis or-
ganizmi
Cndeba. ra SuaSia aq sasargeblo an saziano Tvise-
bebi?
am metamorfozas verafriT ver axsni imiT, rom ar-
sebas
`SemTxveviT~ gauCnda raRac organoebis Canasaxebi
anda
sxva, ase vTqvaT, sasargeblo Tvisebebi. aq ukve arse-
bobis
rTul planzea laparaki. garda amisa, sxeulis arc
194erTi
organo ar SeiZleba ganvixiloT izolirebulad.
yvela
isini mWidrod arian dakavSirebulni erTmaneTTan
Tav-TavianTi
funqciebiT, amitom erTi organos nebismi-
er
Secvlas mTeli organizmis Secvla mohyveba.
saubaria
agreTve e. w. `narCen (rudimentul) organoe-
bzec~
_ darvinizmis erT-erT debulebaze. es imas niS-
navs,
rom adamianis sxeulSi aris organoebi, romlebic
ukve
aRar funqcionireben, amiT ki mtkicdeba, rom odes-
Rac
adamianis organizmi sxvagvari iyo. magram Cven arc es
ganmarteba
gvakmayofilebs. gasul saukuneSi swavlulma
evolucionistebma
adamianis organizmSi asoTxmocamde,
maTi
azriT, sruliad zedmeti organo daiTvales. magram
SemdgomSi
maTi umetesoba Sinagani sekreciis organoebi
aRmoCnda,
romelTa gareSec adamianis sicocxle sruli-
ad
SeuZlebelia. amitom aq sakiTxi sxvagvarad unda dais-
vas:
jer erTi, Cven organoebis yvela funqcias zedmiw-
evniT
kargad ar vicnobT; meorec, adamianis organizms
aqvs
e. w. sarezervo organoebi, isini romelime organos
dazianebisas
mis funqciebs sakuTar Tavze iReben. amgvar-
ad,
Cven SegviZlia vamtkicoT, rom adamianis organizmSi
zedmeti
araferia.
mecnierebi
geologiuri Sreebis, namarxebis da a. S.
asaks
sxvadasxva ricxviTi mocemulobebis saxiT gansaz-
Rvraven,
amitom zogierTs eCveneba, rom biblia ewinaaRm-
degeba
mecnierebas. magram rodesac kacobriobis asakze
vlaparakobT,
aTvlis wertilad viRebT Sesaqmis das-
rulebas,
kacis Seqmnas. manamde iyo Sesaqmis periodebi,
romlebsac
bibliaSi `dReebi~ ewodebaT. `dReebSi~ wm.
mamebi
(mag., wm. basili didi) gulisxmobdnen periodebs,
romelTa
xangrZlivoba CvenTvis ucnobia. `dReebi~
dai-
wyo
jer kidev mzis Seqmnamde, amitom `dReebi~ aris
195etapebi,
rodesac axali ibadeboda, xolo ra Sualedebi
iyo
am etapebs Soris, Cven ar viciT _ amis dadgena ar
SegviZlia.
da
saerTod, SeuZlia ki mecnierebas bibliuri wel-
TaRricxvis
uaryofa? dialeqtikuri materializmi am-
bobs,
rom materia universaluri substanciaa da yve-
laferi
masTan aris kavSirSi; igi ganixilavs samyaros,
rogorc
usasrulos da mTlians, sadac SeuZlebelia
arsebobdes
raime, garemosagan izolirebuli. mecniere-
bi,
romlebic geologiuri Sreebis, namarxebis
da a. S.
asaks
gansazRvraven, daTariRebis sxvadasxva meTods
iyeneben.
arsebobs radioaqtiuri meTodi, e. w.
kalium-
argonuli
meTodi. aris sxva, naxSirbaduli meTodic,
es
meTodi eyrdnoba im faqts, rom cnobilia naxSiror-
Jangis
molekulebis daSlis periodi. arsebobs sxva xe-
rxebic:
zogierTi mecnieri dedamiwis zedapirze arse-
buli
meteorituli mtvris fenebis gazomvas eyrdnoba,
zogi
nariyebisagan gazrdili mdinaris deltis gazom-
vebs
(vinaidan mdinareSi naleqebis garkveuli raode-
noba
Caedineba, delta sul ufro matulobs sigrZeSi).
SeiZleba
Tu ara imis Tqma, rom daTariRebis es xerxebi
zustia?
Cveni planetis warsulis daTariRebisTvis uni-
formizmis
principi unda miviRoT, es ki niSnavs: proces-
ebi,
romlebic warsulSi xdeboda, TavianTi xasiaTiTa
da
intensiurobiT igivea, rac dRevandel dRes mimdinare
da
momavalSi mosaxdeni procesebi. magram ramdenad gama-
rTlebulia
es principi?
arsebobs
e. w. katalizatorebi, romelTa daxmarebi-
Tac
erTi da igive qimiuri procesi SeiZleba sxvadasxva
siCqariT
mimdinareobdes. aris katalizatorebi, pro-
cesebs
asjer rom aCqareben. amitom, saidan viciT, rom
196uwin
ar arsebobda katalizatorebi, romelTa meSveobi-
Tac
igive procesebi Seudareblad ufro mokle vadebSi
xdeboda,
vidre dRes? vin mogvca ufleba vamtkicoT, rom
Zvelad
igive pirobebi iyo, rac dRes aris, da rom de-
damiwis
SeqmnaSi zustad igive Zalebi monawileobdnen,
romlebic
dRes moqmedeben? amgvarad, yvela es daTari-
Reba
hipoTeturia _ varaudebis sferos ekuTvnis.
uniformizmi
cudad urigdeba dialeqtikur materi-
alizms,
romelic swored movlenebis urTierTkavSirsa
da
bunebaSi mimdinare ganuwyveteli xarisxobrivi cvli-
lebebis
Sesaxeb laparakobs. Cven viciT, rom arcTu ise
Soreul,
CvenTvis misawvdom warsulSic ki procesebi
sxvagvarad
viTardeboda. mag., dedamiwis magnituri veli
bevrad
ufro didi iyo, vidre axlaa _ aTasnaxevari wlis
manZilze
TiTqmis orjer Semcirda. sxvagvari iyo uwin
radiaciis
intensivobis donec. TviTon materialistebi
amboben,
rom adre atmosferos Sedgeniloba sxvanairi
iyo,
e. i. maSin sxva Zalebi moqmedebdnen. uniformizmis
Teoria,
romelsac yvela `daTariReba~ efuZneba, ar Sei-
Zleba
dasabuTebulad miviCnioT.
ganvagrZoT:
daTariRebis sxvadasxva meTodi sxvadasx-
va,
erTmaneTTan dapirispirebul Sedegs iZleva. es gansa-
kuTrebiT
exeba meteorituli mtvris fenebis gazomvis
mixedviT
daTariRebas. dedamiwa rom im asakis iyos, rasac
evolucionistebi
uTiTeben, igi mTlianad kosmiuri mt-
vris
javSniT iqneboda SeboWili, okeaneTa fskerzec am
mtvris
fenebi unda idos. SesaZloa gvipasuxon, rom xde-
boda
mtvris TandaTanobiTi ganzaveba dedamiwis fenebSi.
magram
meteorituli mtveri sxva qimiuri Sedgenilo-
bisaa,
vidre dedamiwis zedapiri: iq bevrad ufro metia
nikeli,
amitom meteorituli mtvris aRmoCena srulia-
197dac
ar iqneboda Zneli. gairkva, rom es fena Zalian Tx-
elia,
gansakuTrebiT okeaneTa fskerze. magram meteor-
ituli
mtvris fenebis gazomvis mixedviT daTariRebasa
da
evolucionistebis koncefciebs Soris dapirispireba
gansakuTrebiT
naTlad gamoCnda mas Semdeg, rac adami-
anebma
mTvaris zedapirs miaRwies. radganac iTvleboda,
rom
mTvare da dedamiwa daaxloebiT erTi asakisani arian,
Sesabamisad,
kosmiuri mtvris fena mTvareze, sadac at-
mosfero
faqtobrivad ar arsebobs, sakmaod sqeli unda
yofiliyo.
fiqrobdnen, rom es fena ramdenime kilometrs
aRwevda,
amitom kosmosuri xomaldebi ise iyo agebuli,
TiTqos
isini Waobze unda damsxdariyvnen. garda amisa,
varaudobdnen,
rom RrmulebSi kosmiuri mtvris fena
kidev
ufro sqeli iqneboda. magram rodesac adamianebma
mTvaris
zedapirs miaRwies, aRmoCnda, rom misi zedapiri
kosmiuri
mtvris SedarebiT Txeli feniT iyo dafaruli
da
adamianebi masSi sruliadac ar Caflulan. es ukve imas
mowmobs,
rom dedamiwa bevrad ufro axalgazrdaa, vidre
evoluciis
Teoriis momxreni amtkiceben.
Semdeg:
evolucionistebi amboben, sicocxle um-
artivesi
formebisgan _ virusebisgan gaCndao. magram
gairkva,
rom virusebs arseboba SeuZliaT mxolod ufro
maRali
organizmebis parazitebis saxiT. damoukideblad
arseboba
virusebs ar ZaluZT!
darvinizmis kidev erTi `postulati~ es aris:
mor-
fologiurad
adamianis msgavs arsebebs adamianur arse-
baTa
ricxvs ver mivakuTvnebT. adamiani aris sulieri
fenomeni,
romelsac xilul samyaroSi araviTari analo-
gi
ar moeZebneba. garsis msgavseba jer kidev ar amtkicebs
maTSi
moTavsebuli marcvlebis igiveobas (mag., xorbali
da
sarevela). Cven araferi viciT im namarxi arsebe-
198bis
fsiqikuri cxovrebis Sesaxeb, Cvens winaprebad rom
acxadeben.
davuSvaT, rom bunebaSi yvela maimuni gaqra,
gaTxrebis
dros gorilebis ramdenime ConCxi da Zvlebis
fragmentebi ipoves, maT gverdiT ki _ qvebi da joxebi
kaklebis
Camosayrelad; maSin mecnierebs, morfologi-
uri
principebidan gamomdinare, SeuZliaT ivaraudon,
rom
maT winaSea primitiuli adamianis neSti. gori-
lis
Zvlebi mecnieruli STagonebis, disertaciebisa da
monografiebis
wyaro gaxdeba. magram Cven viciT, rom
maimuni
sruliad sxva arsebaa, Tvisobrivad gansxvavebu-
li
adamianisgan _ esaa cxoveli. amgvarad, rodesac sxva-
dasxva
arsebebis ConCxebs pouloben, garegnuli anato-
miuri
monacemebis mixedviT jer kidev arafris Tqma ar
SeiZleba
maTi gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb. es ar-
sebebi,
iseve rogorc maimunebi, SeiZleba ubralod ada-
mianis
msgavsi cxovelebi iyvnen. saerTod, morfologi-
is
mixedviT SeuZlebelia fsiqologiaze msjeloba, miT
ufro,
Tuki es morfologia sakmaod saeWvo xasiaTisaa.
odesRac
imasac ambobdnen, rom damaxasiaTebeli niSani,
romelic
adamians cxovelisagan ganasxvavebs, aris Tavis
tvinis
qerqis farTobi da misi Sefardeba tvinis saer-
To
moculobasTan. magram aRmoCnda, rom delfinis Tavis
tvinis
qerqis farTobi aRemateba adamianisas rogorc
absolutur,
ise pirobiT ganzomilebebSi. amgvarad, Tu
mxolod
formaluri agebulebis mixedviT vimsjelebT,
delfini
inteleqtualurad ganviTarebis ufro maRal
safexurze
unda idges, vidre adamiani. Semdeg daiwyes
laparaki,
rom mniSvnelovania ara marto es monacemi,
aramed
tvinis struqturis sirTulec. magram aqac aR-
moCnda,
rom delfinis Tavis tvinis qerqi struqturu-
lad
bevrad ufro rTulia, vidre adamianisa. ase rom,
199ar
SeiZleba namarxi neStebis mixedviT ama Tu im arse-
bis
gonebriv SesaZleblobebze msjeloba. jerjerobiT
araviTari
gardamavali formebi cxovelsa da adamians
Soris
aRmoCenili ar aris. isini rom arsebuliyvnen,
gaugebari
iqneboda, ratom gaqra uecrad yvela adamiani-
cxoveli
(Tanac gaqra mTel msoflioSi, sxvadasxva ga-
remo
pirobebis mqone yvela regionSi). albaT mxolod
imitom,
rom isini saerTodac ar arsebobdnen.
evolucionistebi
imasac amboben, rom adamianis Cana-
saxi
Tavisi ganviTarebisas evoluciis mTavar stadiebs
imeorebs.
magram am Teoriasac araviTari mtkicebuleba
ar
gaaCnia. ZiriTadad eyrdnobian `layuCebis xvrelebis~
arsebobas
Canasaxis ganviTarebis garkveul stadiaze, ma-
gram
es e. w. `layuCebis xvrelebi~ gulmodgine gamokv-
levisas
mxolod nakecebi aRmoCnda, romlebsac araferi
aqvT
saerTo Tevzebis layuCebTan. isini sul sxva masal-
isgan
Sedgebian da layuCebis funqcias arasodes asrule-
ben,
maTgan adamianis saxe yalibdeba. amasTan, maimunis
nayofi
garkveul adreul safexurebze gacilebiT metad
hgavs
adamians, vidre maimuns: Tma ara aqvs, Tavi sxva age-
bulebisaa
da a. S. da Tuki Cven evolucionistebis prin-
cips
mivyvebiT, maSin is daskvna unda gamovitanoT, rom
maimuni
gaCnda adamianisgan. amgvarad, darvinizmis am de-
bulebasac
araviTari mtkicebuleba ar gaaCnia.
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